Data Encryption Essays - Cryptography, Symmetric-key Algorithm

Data Encryption Essays - Cryptography, Symmetric-key Algorithm Data Encryption The electronic age has brought forth many technological advances. With these advances came the need for security and tighter control on how we send information electronically over the Internet or through a network. Date encryption is, in its simplest terms, the translation of data into a secret code. In order to read an encrypted file, the receiver of the file must obtain a secret key that will enable him to decrypt the file. A deeper look into cryptography, cryptanalysis, and the Data Encryption Standard (DES) will provide a better understanding of date encryption. Cryptographic Methods There are two standard methods of cryptography, asymmetric encryption and symmetric encryption. Data that is in its original form (unscrambled) is called plaintext. Once the data is scrambled and in its encrypted form it is called ciphertext. The ciphertext, which should be unintelligible to anyone not holding the encryption key, is what is stored in the database or transmitted down the communication line. Asymmetric encryption (also know as public key encryption) uses two separate keys, a public key and a private key. The private key is available only to the individual receiving the encrypted message. The public key is available to anyone who wishes to send data or communicate to the holder of the private key. Asymmetric encryption is considered very safe but is susceptible to private key theft or breaking of the private key (this is virtually impossible and would constitute trying billions of possible key combinations) (4). Types of public key algorithms include Riverst-Shamir-Adelman (RSA), Diffie-Hellman, Digital Signature Standard (DSS), EIGamal, and LUC (5). Symmetric encryption uses only one key (a secret key) to encrypt and decrypt the message. No public exchange of the key is required. This method is vulnerable if the key is stolen or if the ciphertext is broken (4). Types of symmetric algorithms include DES, Blowfish, International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA), RC4, SAFER, and Enigma (5). Cryptanalysis Cryptanalysis is the art of breaking cryptography. Methods of cryptanalysis include: h Ciphertext-only attack V the attacker works from ciphertext only. The attacker does not know anything about the message and is merely guessing about the plaintext (6). h Know-plaintext attack V the attacker know the plaintext. Knowing this information, the attacker can attempt to decrypt the ciphertext (6). h Chosen plaintext attack V the attacker can have a message encrypted with the unknown key. The attacker must then determine the key used for encryption (6). h Man-in-the-middle attack V the attacker intercepts the key that is being exchanged between parties (6). Data Encryption Standard (DES) In 1977 the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and IBM developed the Data Encryption Standard, or DES, to provide a means by which data could be scrambled, sent electronically to a destination, and then unscrambled by the receiver. DES was developed to protect data in the federal computer systems against passive and active attacks (3). Every five years the NIST reviews the DES and determines whether the cryptographic algorithm should be revised, is acceptable, or completely withdrawn. DES uses a very complex algorithm, or key, that has been deemed unbreakable by the U.S. government. There are 72,000,000,000,000,000 (72 quadrillion) or more possible encryption keys that can be used. It applies a 56-bit key to each 64-bit block of data. This process involves 16 rounds of operations that mix the data and key together using operations of permutation and substitution. The end result is a completely scrambled data and key so that every bit of the ciphertext depends on every bit of the data plus every bit of the key (a 56-bit quantity for DES) (2). Conclusion Sending secure electronic information is vital for businesses today. Although the electronic age has made it easier for companies to send and receive information, it has also increased the need for security. Data encryption in itself will not assure any business of sending secure information, but understanding it will surely benefit the company. Businesses who understand cryptography, cryptanalysis, and Data Encryption Standard are on their way to understanding data encryption. Bibliography 1. Bay Networks, Inc. (1997). Configuring Software Encryption. www.baynetworks.com 2. Biasci, L. (1999). Cryptology. www.whatis.com. 3. Frazier, R.E., (1999). Data Encryption Techniques. www.softstrategies.com. 4. Litterio, F., (1999). Cryptology: The Study of Encryption. www.world.std.com. 5. SSH Communications Security, (1999). Cryptographic Algorithms. www.ipsec.com. 6. SSH Communications Security, (1999). Introduction

Jane Austens Complete List of Famous Works

Jane Austens Complete List of Famous Works Jane Austen is recognized as one of the most important English writers of her time. Shes probably most famous for her novel  Pride and Prejudice, but others like  Mansfield Park, are very popular. Her books largely dealt with themes of love and a womans role in the home. While many readers try to relegate Austen to the realms of early chick lit, her books are important to the literary canon. Austen is one of the most important British authors.   While today her novels are often considered by some to be part of the romance genre, Austens books actually helped popularize the idea of marrying for love in the first place. During Austens time marriage was more of a business contract, couples would decide to get married based on things like each others economic class. As one can imagine marriages like this werent always the best for women. Marriages built on love rather than for business reasons were a common plot point in many of Austens novels. Austens novels also pointed out the many ways women of her time depended on their ability to marry well.   Women rarely worked during Austens job and the few jobs they did hold were often service positions like cook or governess. Women relied on their husbands employment to provide for any family they might have.   Austen was a trailblazer in multiple ways, she chose not to marry and managed to earn money with her writing. While many artists arent appreciated in their lifetime, Austen was a popular author within her own life. Her books afforded her the ability not to need a husband to rely on. Her list of works is rather short by comparison but this is most likely due to her life being cut short due to an unknown illness. Jane Austens   Works Novels 1811 - Sense and Sensibility1813 - Pride and Prejudice1814 - Mansfield Park1815 - Emma1818 - Northanger Abbey (posthumous)1818 - Persuasion (posthumous) Short fiction 1794, 1805 - Lady Susan Unfinished fiction 1804 - The Watsons1817 - Sanditon Other works 1793, 1800 - Sir Charles Grandison1815 - Plan of a NovelPoemsPrayersLetters Juvenilia - Volume the First The Juvenilia is comprised of several notebooks Jane Austen wrote during her youth.   Frederic ElfridaJack AliceEdgar EmmaHenry and ElizaThe Adventures of Mr. HarleySir William MountagueMemoirs of Mr. CliffordThe Beautifull CassandraAmelia WebsterThe VisitThe MysteryThe Three SistersA beautiful descriptionThe generous CurateOde to Pity Juvenilia - Volume the Second Love and FriendshipLesley CastleThe History of EnglandA Collection of LettersThe female philosopherThe first Act of a ComedyA Letter from a Young LadyA Tour through WalesA Tale Juvenilia - Volume the Third EvelynCatharine, or the Bower

Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 8

Immigration - Essay Example Basing a reflection on Rhodes, the powerful Greek monument made after Greece defeated Cyprus, Emma wants to make a comparison of how the American nation attains its strength. Other than Greece that relied on war and strength to conquer its neighbors, she portrays American as a peaceful and friendly nation that welcomes immigrants who are suffering from all sorts of atrocities around the world (Lazarus 23). Relating American’s statute to the ancient Greek’s Colossus f Rhodes signifies that other than focusing on military superiority, freedom, enlightenment as well as compassion are evidenced across the American nation. The concept of â€Å"America as the land of opportunity,† is portrayed in the author’s message and the Statute of Liberty in New York Harbor where the poem is engraved. Rather than using a man and weapons of war, the statute is represented by a woman with a torch signifying change from the norm within societies. It is very direct that the wor ds of the poem serve in promising immigrants to America peace and opportunity. It is however important to note that although the promises in the poem were met by majority of immigrants, some failed to realize the promises but rather faced challenges upon migration to America. Debates over whether America is a land of opportunity as the words in the poem indicate has lived since the 19th century until today. These debates continuously focus on the American people weighing the benefits of migration in the country. It is however important to note that despite some immigrants failing to meet the promises provided in the poem some lived to the dream and to them America became a land of opportunities and the same has continued for their generations. The largest number of immigrants within a period of around forty years reached over twenty million between 18980-1920. The immigrants increased the American population by significant numbers

Unit 2 HA499 Capstone Project Research On A Real-Life Healthcare Essay

Unit 2 HA499 Capstone Project Research On A Real-Life Healthcare Organization - Essay Example population, as of February 15, 2012, 25% of this actually belong to the so-called baby boom generation, which has already reached retirement (Rogers, 2012). In 2009, the number of American individuals aged 65 and above was almost 40 million, and this statistics is projected to become 72.1 million in 2030 based on the numbers released by the U.S. Census Bureau (Rogers, 2012). With the increasing number of the aging population, the medical wing of the U.S. faces a great challenge of addressing this proliferating number, which needs to be prioritized in terms of therapies, medicines, and other forms of medical support. In improving access to health care, there are lots of factor to be considered, such as addressing contextual and individual determinants (Andersen et al., 2011). The contextual determinant refers to the â€Å"circumstances† and â€Å"environment† in which healthcare is accessible, such as the availability of healthcare organizations including medical research facilities (Andersen et al., 2011, p. 4). On another perspective, writing theoretical research concerning the health care industry only generates solutions to problems that may or may not be applied in actuality. For instance, a research published by Anderson, Crabtree, Steele, and McDaniel, Jr. (2005) posed a question regarding the practicality of suggested solutions generated by hundreds of researches to the medical practice. Simply saying, the results earned out from prolific researchers remain abstract and a theory all throughout because physicians, nurses, and other health care workers failed to institute and implement those suggestions (Anderson et al., 2005). A lot of researches characterized the health care industry as a â€Å"mechanistic† organization (Anderson et al., 2005, p. 670). This means that the industry is a simple structure and can be predicted using a relational approach that a particular action is predicted to cause this effect (Miller, 1993 as cited in Anderson

Emile Durkheims Theories on Suicide Essay -- Sociology Psychology Sui

Emile Durkheim's Theories on Suicide I chose to write about Durkheim's theories on suicide. Although I don’t completely agree with all of them, I will discuss what my text says they are and what I perceive them to be. Most of Durkheim’s work on suicide was published in his third book, Suicide. It was a very important book because it was a serious effort to establish empiricism in sociology. This empiricism would provide a sociological perspective on a phenomenon that was previously psychological and individualistic. He proposed three major forms of suicide, some with subdivisions. These three forms of suicide were egoistic, altruistic, and anomic. With egoistic suicide, Durkheim proposes that a person will commit suicide if they have too little interaction with society. He says that a person that does not feel like a part of society will not hold to the same norms, laws, or mores and will be more likely to elevate his value and ideas above that of the society. His studies show that people from smaller families, women more than men, and Protestants more than Catholics, will commit suicide. These are only a few of the criteria provided. For the most part, I agree with this. I would take it to believe that most people that interact with a larger group would be healthier. I only have one problem with the egoistic theory. I am confused as to whom it can apply to. Does a person have to acquire the feeling of belonging? Does a child that is deprived of interaction run a...

Implementation Of The Scalable And Agile Lifecycle Security For Applications (SALSA)

SALSA framework is a revised version of security approaches that were previously implemented in detection of security defects within web applications. In this case, SALSA framework will be implemented in monitoring of attack vectors that hinder appropriate application of operations. Further, ways in which stable situation of application system can be maintained after attack will be discussed. A system known as automated build has a great influence in SALSA framework’s operations since it necessitates a continuous practice once areas with attack vectors are fixed. There are also a couple of benefits that SALSA framework is recognized to possess which are mainly based on its overall effectiveness in monitoring attack vectors. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SCALABLE AND AGILE LIFECYCLE SECURITY FOR APPLICATIONS (SALSA) Introduction SALSA is an approach that has the capability of checking attack vectors as well as keeping them through their cycle of development. SALSA approach is produced from the combined effort of two information technology organizations; SANS and the other Intrinsic Security. The design of SALSA is similar to development methodology that is already in existence. This contributes to its efficiency since minimal guidance is needed in order to operate it, as its implementation is very interactive. SALSA implementation can be carried out in conjunction with several other security tools in order to bring desirable results. In comparison to SDL, which is almost similar security approach that mitigates security errors within lifecycles of Web applications, SALSA is different as it provides more security practices. These additional practices are cost effective which enables them to be used in all lifecycle areas including development. SALSA frame facilitates solutions that are measurable as well as automatic and has the capability of being incorporated in development software that already exist in an organization. However, SALSA application is not aimed at taking the place of organization’s methodologies but to influence the way organizations make considerations of security within the applications’ environments as well as their management. Cockbum, 2008) Scalable and Agile Lifecycle Security for Applications (SALSA) Framework to Assist In Monitoring Attack Vectors on Applications Attack vectors constitute all application interfaces that are exposed which have shown need for continuous monitoring in order to protect them from being attacked. When attack vectors are not updated and managed accordingly, they are normally endangered by security threats that are constantly evolving due to great technological advancements. Attack applications that are already exposed have the possibility of being loaded with security threats directing computers connected with internet to dangerous sites known as malware. The process can also follow a reverse direction where malware may be directed to those computers connected to internet. This is dangerous to applications since they will become susceptible to defects which are discovered by end users. This is likely to affect the trust that a user may have previously developed towards a certain organization’s applications. (SALSA, 2009) In the present situation a technique that analyses attack surfaces and is recommended by SALSA will be applied regularly in order to enable uncovering of security threats during applications. This will form the first step which will be undertaken by developers as they carry out planning process in the course of application lifecycle. The checklist used will portray all worst practices that have any relevance to attack vectors attraction, which will be banned. They will be replaced by best practices including standard directory for this particular application whose applications are being managed as well as updated. Design documents will also undergo some adjustments where the name of a customer will be needed to accompany his/her security number as part of application details, which is contrary to previous situations where only security number is requested. This will provide more identity details for applicants, which will make it easy to identify worst sources. Since design phase fails to provide appropriate opportunities to enable automation, security checklists that make use of standard baseline will be of great importance. It will address this inefficiency by including some additional rules in the process. These rules point out that it is not necessary to provide sensitive data in one’s records such as numbers of social security as their provision may expose the data accidentally to parties that were not supposed to have its access. Another additional rule that will be included in automated security checklist is that applicants who must give details of their security numbers should consider encrypting when storing them in databases in order to avoid possible accidental exposure. In case security defects are detected in particular application phases, SALSA will encourage developers to conduct a review of design being implemented as well as its definition. Threat modeling, which is constituted in SALSA framework, will be conducted after some time in order to arrange application items in order of priority in terms of the ones that need immediate fixing and those requiring a later fixture. (Howard, 2009) After worst practices are detected and banned, the appropriate ones will take their place within applications. This is because it is the worst ones that act as vector attack sources and when monitoring using checklist is conducted leading to their removal, it will eventually reduce their attack vectors. Once appropriate security practices that do not show susceptibility to vector attacks are put in place, they need to be maintained such that they are kept up to date all through applications development cycle. Their maintenance will avoid cases of consequent attacks, which will involve identification of new practices that will appear during applications and are important to avoidance of attack vectors. The practice of analyzing attack surfaces will be integrated as one of design tasks within application design phases. Each phase within application lifecycle will have distinct security checklists, which will be incorporated in the maintenance and updating process. This will enable consistent checks for every interaction which is contrary to what takes place in SDL where securing checking is conducted on occasional basis. (Chess, 2007) Fixing of appropriate practices, that are not susceptible to attack vectors within application lifecycle will be followed by integration of the same security practices within automatic version of checklist. This will necessitate improvement of security of software in use where automated checking will be applied to both intra and extranets that comprise of sensitive data. An automated system will be able to conduct security checks for attack vectors automatically throughout application development. This process will continue as a routine during the entire lifecycle of this application. The practice of automated build will constitute several elements including limits of both complexity as well as metric measures. Several utilities included in the application software’s codebase will have a likelihood of producing metrics such as JavaNCSS. Other types of utilities like complexity number of Cyclomatic will be capable of producing complexity estimates of application software modules in use. These two measurements are of great importance to managers of this particular application project since they will be able to know when design review is required. For instance, in a case when software modules portrays high ratings of complexity. This is because the more complex a module for checking attack vectors is, the more difficult its maintenance process becomes. Complexity will result to a situation where accidental security errors will occur to coding during application development. These assessments will undergo automation in order that alerts are generated at the instance a module is found to exceed appropriate levels at which checking for attack vectors will be conducted. This will call for an immediate review of application’s design before complexity situation leads to a break down of the entire application. (SANS, 2009) Another constituting element of automated system will be code analysis which will also be in automated form. This involves analyses of codes from application sources using different languages in order to detect some errors whose failure to detection will cause adverse security implications. This kind of analyses is essential since once the distinct tools are identified in various languages, it becomes easier to apply them in application of automated system where attack vectors are checked. This will in turn reduce attack vectors and also improve overall quality of codes used in attack vector detection practice. Unit testing that is also automated will follow the analyses of automated code. This will necessitate a situation where automatic tests will be performed on areas where worst practices that have attack vectors are replaced with appropriate practices to avoid consequent attacks. This practice of testing will be conducted automatically since it is clear that consequent attack vectors are capable of causing security consequences that are unintended. These security consequences may involve data exposure in cases when application modules have already crashed. In cases where such attack vectors will be encountered, their attack surfaces will be replaced after which automated tests will be created to avoid similar breakdowns in future. Automated system also comprises of automated packaging, which will assist in configuration of entire application system. Automation of packaging practice will mitigate the number of human errors that may introduce attack vectors within application systems during its actual installation time. The practice of automated packaging will sum up implementation of SALSA framework in monitoring of attack vectors. (Howard, 2009) Benefits of the SALSA Framework SALSA framework that is normally based on a unique element known as automated build has a number of benefits which are also taken as its advantages over other approaches that were implemented in almost similar applications previously. Among its benefits is a situation where it has the capability of overcoming scalability challenges which requires automated build. The continuous protection provided by SALSA framework results to sustainable security that is accompanied by improvement of application system quality. Costs incurred in fixing software once it has broken down due defects such as those caused by attack vectors are reduced considerably since consistent checks are conducted to ensure that the system does not break down. Integration costs are also reduced a great deal since SALSA framework is made available in an already integrated form which do not need additional integration for it to work. SALSA framework reduces the possibility of human error occurring within lifecycle of applications for attack vector monitoring. Efforts required in actual verification of security standards as well as reduction of security defects like attack vectors, are also reduced. All these benefits of SALSA framework give it preference above other approaches in security applications. (Howard, 2009) Conclusion It is clear that; SALSA framework is a very effective and efficient approach that is applied in various security applications for websites. The main objective under which SALSA framework operates is continuous checking of security defects like the one under study. SALSA framework will be expected to give very good results in checking of attack vectors as well as maintenance of a situation that is free from attack vectors. The various elements of automated build will have a great contribution towards attainment if this situation as they will ensure a consistent operation throughout the lifecycle of this particular application. (Chess, 2007)

Causes And Consequences Of Energy Drinks - 927 Words

While it may not cause pandemics or epidemics, major medias are not typically talking about this issue much. However, it caught my attention several times, and the story I’m about to introduce seems pretty serious in terms of its negative effects to human, and stealthiness of the effects. Since big part of our life style changes due to increasing completeness and higher goal for success, many people looking hard for quick and easy ways to recover their energy level these days. It would be important to know if energy drinks have any benefits to human. On the other hand, what degree in consumption of energy drinks should need extra health warning and a ban on children, adolescents or young adults to drink them? At the end of day, everyone has to take responsibility for their own actions, but how much do we know about energy drinks? The story was published on18th of January 2016 by DailyMail.com. 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