Amendment Number 1 Essays - Freedom Of Expression, Censorship

Amendment Number 1 No other democratic society in the world permits personal freedoms to the degree of the United States of America. Within the last sixty years, American courts, especially the Supreme Court, have developed a set of legal doctrines that thoroughly protect all forms of the freedom of expression. When it comes to evaluating the degree to which we take advantage of the opportunity to express our opinions, some members of society may be guilty of violating the bounds of the First Amendment by publicly offending others through obscenity or racism. Americans have developed a distinct disposition toward the freedom of expression throughout history. The First Amendment clearly voices a great American respect toward the freedom of religion. It also prevents the government from "abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." Since the early history of our country, the protection of basic freedoms has been of the utmost importance to Americans. In Langston Hughes' poem, "Freedom," he emphasizes the struggle to enjoy the freedoms that he knows are rightfully his. He reflects the American desire for freedom now when he says, "I do not need my freedom when I'm dead. I cannot live on tomorrow's bread." He recognizes the need for freedom in its entirety without compromise or fear. I think Langston Hughes captures the essence of the American immigrants' quest for freedom in his poem, "Freedom's Plow." He accurately describes American's as arriving with nothing but dreams and building America with the hopes of finding greater freedom or freedom for the first time. He depicts how people of all backgrounds worked together for one cause: freedom. I selected Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 as a fictitious example of the evils of censorship in a world that is becoming illiterate. In this book, the government convinces the public that book reading is evil because it spreads harmful opinions and agitates people against the government. The vast majority of people accept this censorship of expression without question and are content to see and hear only the government's propaganda. I found this disturbing yet realistic. Bradbury's hidden opposition to this form of censorship was apparent throughout the book and finally prevailed in the end when his main character rebelled against the practice of burning books. Among the many forms of protests are pickets, strikes, public speeches and rallies. Recently in New Jersey, more than a thousand community activists rallied to draft a "human" budget that puts the needs of the poor and handicapped as a top priority. Rallies are an effective means for people to use their freedoms effectively to bring about change from the government. Freedom of speech is constantly being challenged as is evidenced in a recent court case where a Gloucester County school district censored reviews of two R-rated movies from a school newspaper. Superior Court Judge, Robert E. Francis ruled that the student's rights were violated under the state Constitution. I feel this is a major break through for students' rights because it limits editorial control of school newspapers by educators and allows students to print what they feel is important. A newly proposed bill (A-557) would prevent school officials from controlling the content of student publications. Critics of the bill feel that "student journalists may be too young to understand the responsibilities that come with free speech." This is a valid point; however, it would provide an excellent opportunity for them to learn about their First Amendment rights that guarantees free speech and freedom of the press. In his commencement address to Monmouth College graduates, Professor Alan Dershowitz of Harvard Law School defended the broad right to free speech. He stated, "My message to you graduates is to assert your rights, to use them responsibly and boldly, to oppose racism, to oppose sexism, to oppose homophobia and bigotry of all kinds and to do so within the spirit of the First Amendment, not by creating an exception to it." I agree that one should feel free to speak openly as long as it does not directly or indirectly lead to the harm of others. One of the more controversial issues was the recent 2 Live Crew incident involving obscenity in rap music. Their record, "As Nasty as They Wanna Be," was ruled obscene in federal court. They were acquitted of the charges and quickly became a free speech martyr. Although many stores pulled the album, over two million copies sold as a result of the incident. I feel that

Free Essays on Sexual Orientaion In The Workplace

More and more companies are developing policies and practices that respect and accommodate employee’s beliefs and practices in a way that does not undermine the company’s ability to conduct business, according to the Business for Social Responsibility. By doing this, it helps prevent lawsuits as well as giving everyone an equal opportunity of freedom of religion. The Bill of Rights to the US Constitution gives public employees the right of freedom of expression of religion. Although private employees are not protected by the Constitution, there are state and federal laws that can. People should not be discriminated against because of their religious beliefs or any belief for that matter. People should be evaluated based on their job performance and not their sexual orientation or religion. While reading the article, â€Å"Religion in the workplace†, I came across some very valid points on how companies can approach religion in the workplace. Some of these points include spreading the word; being specific; being fair; educating yourself; sharing information. The most important thing, though, is never to forget the nonreligious. Gays and lesbians are discriminated against, but there weren’t many laws to protect them from that. Times are changing now. According to the article Sexual Orientation Discrimination in the Workplace, there are 13 states that have laws prohibiting sexual orientation discrimination in both private and public jobs: California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont and Wisconsin. Seven states have laws prohibiting sexual orientation discrimination in public employment only: Illinois, Indiana, Montana, New Mexico, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Washington. A company's handling of policies on sexual orientation impacts productivity and employee recruitment and retention. Greater awareness of gay and lesbian issues ... Free Essays on Sexual Orientaion In The Workplace Free Essays on Sexual Orientaion In The Workplace More and more companies are developing policies and practices that respect and accommodate employee’s beliefs and practices in a way that does not undermine the company’s ability to conduct business, according to the Business for Social Responsibility. By doing this, it helps prevent lawsuits as well as giving everyone an equal opportunity of freedom of religion. The Bill of Rights to the US Constitution gives public employees the right of freedom of expression of religion. Although private employees are not protected by the Constitution, there are state and federal laws that can. People should not be discriminated against because of their religious beliefs or any belief for that matter. People should be evaluated based on their job performance and not their sexual orientation or religion. While reading the article, â€Å"Religion in the workplace†, I came across some very valid points on how companies can approach religion in the workplace. Some of these points include spreading the word; being specific; being fair; educating yourself; sharing information. The most important thing, though, is never to forget the nonreligious. Gays and lesbians are discriminated against, but there weren’t many laws to protect them from that. Times are changing now. According to the article Sexual Orientation Discrimination in the Workplace, there are 13 states that have laws prohibiting sexual orientation discrimination in both private and public jobs: California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont and Wisconsin. Seven states have laws prohibiting sexual orientation discrimination in public employment only: Illinois, Indiana, Montana, New Mexico, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Washington. A company's handling of policies on sexual orientation impacts productivity and employee recruitment and retention. Greater awareness of gay and lesbian issues ...

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 12

Research paper - Essay Example Most of them lived in difficult conditions and sacrificed their lives for others. Their life was tempered with the values of socio-spiritual values. Sacrifice is a great virtue of humankind. Firstly, there should be cause for the sacrifice; secondly there should be the heart fort the sacrifice; thirdly there should be the will, the grit and the stamina to do the sacrifice; and finally one must accept the rewards and punishments of the sacrifice with a balanced mental attitudes-- again ask Kate for the veracity and truthfulness of this statement. Her viewpoint is why women only are asked to do sacrifice? In the hectic pace of activities of her personal life how Kate Chopin was able to fight for the cause of women through her powerful literary creations? â€Å"Kate Chopin was born on February 8, 1850. She was blessed by having many female mentors throughout her childhood; either the strong and independent widows in her family or the intellectual nuns of her school, who taught Kate to live a "life of the mind as well as the life of the home."(Search....)She was admitted to the Academy of the Sacred Heart at the young age of five and a half. Her father Thomas OFlaherty was a successful businessman. Her stint at the Sacred Heart lasted for just for two months. She came home and her great-grandmother became her teacher. Eliza Faris OFlaherty, Kates mother,was just 27 when her 50 year old husband died. Eliza did not remarry after her husbands death. Kates grandmother Madame Charleville mothered fifteen children. Her husband, Joseph Charleville was a merchant. Apart from teaching music, history and French, she taught Kate the true perspectives of life, to live clearly and fearlessly. By the time Kate was 24, she was witness to many family tragedies, her half brother George died of typhoid fever,her grandmother passed away, lost all sisters and brothers and she was the only survivor. Such grim experiences one after another, would make

Managerial Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Managerial Accounting - Essay Example The balanced scorecard method comprises of four different perspectives like, customer perspectives, financial perspectives, innovation and learning perspective and lastly the internal business process perspective. By the implementation of these perspectives the balance scorecard captures the lagging and the leading indicators which gives a balanced notion over the performance of the organisation. The leading indicators of the organisation measure the development of a new product, timely delivery of the product, satisfaction of the customer, competency of the employee, etc. However, under the lagging indicator of the organisation comes the financial measure of the organisation related to the profitability and its revenue growth. Thus the adoption of the balanced scorecard method is widely accepted around the globe because this enables the organisation in aligning staffs of all the levels under a single strategy for its successful execution. The main benefits that can be drawn from the implementation of the balanced scorecard method are the translation of the strategy into more easily understandable operational goals and metrics, alignment of the organisation around a coherent, single strategy, increasing the feasibility of strategy making it an attainable task for both the superiors and the subordinates as well, making the development of the strategy of the organisation a continuous process and lastly mobilizing change through effective and strong leadership (Johnson, n.d., pp.1-5). The main aim of balanced scorecard is to make a contribution towards the change of the factors related to the intangible assets and the long-term financial which would otherwise be uncontrollable. This has become feasible through the implementation of the perspectives of balanced scorecard. The main four perspectives of balanced score card has been mentioned earlier. Out of which the financial perspective shows the transformation of the strategy that leads to the economic success. Th us a double role is performed by the financial measure of the balanced scorecard. In application of the financial perspective of the balance scorecard in government arena differs from the private sectors. The objectives set by the financials of the private sector sets clear targets for profit seeking organisation which operates under a purely commercial environment. However, the success for the public undertakings is different in the sense that it is completely based on its efficiency and effectiveness to meet the needs of the constituencies. Thus, the financial perspective emphasises on the cost efficiency of the organisation so as to enhance the ability to deliver maximum value to the customers. The customer perspective of the balance scorecard method indicates the market segment under which the business of the organisation is operating. By means of appropriate strategic objectives, targets, measures and initiatives, the value proposition of the customer is represented in the cust omer perspective through which the organisation wants to draw competitive advantage in the envisaged market segments. In other words it can be said that the ability of the organisation to provide enhanced quality of goods and services through effective delivery services to gain overall customer satisfaction and service. However, in a

FIDM Museum & Galleries Launched its 23rd Annual Art of Motion Picture Assignment

FIDM Museum & Galleries Launched its 23rd Annual Art of Motion Picture Costume Design - Assignment Example The Managing Director of FIDM Museum & Galleries, Collins Parker has said that: â€Å"Artists who want to showcase their work should never miss this opportunity since they will get the chance to interact with their targeted customers to attract them to their products.† He further states that: â€Å"Being the largest promoter in the arts and fashion industries, FIDM Museum & Galleries is always on the prowl head hunting for talent.† Essentially, the main idea behind the exhibition is to promote the growth and development of the arts industry. The exhibition seeks to create a mutually beneficial relationship among all the exhibitors so that they can continue to participate in similar events in the future. The artists will come face to face with their consumers and they can exchange valuable information that can help them develop their talent and skills. The aim is also to inspire the artists to be creative in their work. It is anticipated that this exhibition will go a long way in stimulating growth in the arts

Heart Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation

Heart Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation Abstract According a report published by the World health organization about the most prevalent causes of mortality for the time periods of 2000 and 2011, it can be seen that Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of mortality. There are many conditions that can lead to heart failure. Such conditions are raised blood pressure, myocardial infarction as well as atherosclerotic heart disease. Ischemia leads to necrosis of the myocardial cells due to lack of oxygen resulting in permanent loss of heart muscle. Stem cell therapy allows us to restore the motor function of the heart by delivering stem cells to the site of function loss. The aim of this review is to highlight key points about the different stem cell types that are being researched. Most importantly we will look at how and why recent advances are better suited for treatment of different conditions of the heart. This shall be argued by looking at the ways in which the stem cells used are obtained and transplanted as well as keeping in mind the natural behavior and purpose of the different classes of stem cells. Different Stem cell Types Being Researched The two classes of stem cells that have been researched the most are mulitpotent and pluirpotent stem cells. Pluripotent cells have a greater potency then multipotent stem cells meaning that only specific classes of multipotent stem cells can be used to restore cardiomyocytes. Multipotent Stem cells c-Kit+Cardiac Stem Cells These cardiac stem cells exhibit c-Kit+ which is a surface receptor that has tyrosine kinase activity. There have been successful studies using these types of cells for myocyte regeneration. According to Sheng and co-workers (2012) use of these stem cells has led to regeneration of cardiomyocytes in the ventricles. SCIPIO, is a phase 1 study conducted by Bolli et al. This study looked at patients who suffered from an MI and then had cardiac stem cells introduced into their left ventricle. They published their results in 2011 showing that left ventricular function improved from the initial ejection fraction that was below 40%. Makkar et al. in 2012 published findings for the CADUCEUS study. This study again introduced CSCs into patients LV just after an MI. Results showed no harm being done to the patient as well as an increase in the ejection fraction of the LV. Fuentes and Kearns-Jonker in 2013 released results were application of ephrin A1 can improve CSC treatment in rats. Ephrin A1 is a human protein important for moderating cell maturation that is introduced before transplantation of CSCs occurs. Most notably repopulation of the damaged area (infarct) was twice as much and as well as having improved systolic function as well as reduced number of complications such as arrhythmias. Bone marrow derived stem cells (BMSC) BMSCs are obtained from that patients bone marrow and then used to treat the same patient. BMSCs have been being used for a long time due to ease of acquirement as well as the fact that they don’t elicit an immune response when used. According to Sheng and co-workers (2012) BMSC therapy hasn’t lead to notable changes in patient quality of life with only temporary mild increase in ventricular systolic function. BMSCs release beneficial paracrine effects (Lee et al., 2005). Paracrines have a number of roles including cessation of apoptosis in sites of ischemic heart damage and stimulation of host vascular (angiogenesis) and cardiac tissue (cardiomyogenesis) growth. Inter-conversion of cells from 1 type to another as well as joining of 2 or more cells to become one cell results in formation of endothelial and ventricular muscle tissue from the precursor stem cell (Lee et al., 2005). Pluripotent stem cells Such cells are capable of forming all 3 primary layers. Embryo Stem cells (ESCs) ESCs are obtained from the mass of cells inside the blastocyst and are capable of self renewal. Compared to adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells have more inherent ability to replace damaged tissue in the heart. This is due to them being pluripotent they replace not only the muscle lost but also perform angiogenesis. Advancements in regulation of developmental pathways for ESCs have enabled improved results. BMP inhibitor improves the conversion of ESCs to cardiomyocytes but in so doing reduces conversion to other tissues of mesoderm origin (Hao et al., 2008). Hao and his co-workers (2008) also state that dorsomorphin can become a great tool for stem cell therapy in the future. Wnt/ÃŽ ²-catenin signaling control with the use of XAV939 improves ESC differentiation into cardiomyocytes. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) Gene Transplantation Direct gene delivery For different forms of gene delivery the catheter has to both compatible to the site targeted as well as not having any property causing injury or eliciting an immune response. Naimark et al. compared the use of Nitinol stainless steel and Stiletto catheters for epicardial administration as well as endocardial showing that Stilletto catheters were twice as effective. Intrapericardial injection Advantage of this method of delivery is that there is no exposure of the heart and other organs. The use of intrapericardial infection in dogs has shown they endure the pain with not too much distress highlighting that the patient will undergo less distress compared to open surgery (March et al., 1999). This percutaneous method introduces the genes into the pericardial sac which then migrates into the myocardium. (Kawase et al., 2007) There are varying approaches to how to perform the injection. Fromes and coworkers used a transdiaphragmetic method. What was observed was that injection of the stem cells on their own lead to no gene expression difference in the myocardium. Stem cell expression results at the end of week one improved significantly with addition of proteinase in the injection fluid. Endocardial injection Microsphere retention varies according to volume used and site of injection. Endomyocardial injection had 28% greater retention then epicardial administration. Further retention can be obtained with the use of 10 ÃŽ ¼L rather then 100 ÃŽ ¼L. Greater spread of the adenovirus which encoded lac-Z was observed going to other organs in lower volumes too (Grossman et al., 2002). Use of fluoroscopy proved that this method is safe and that gene expression is present in 81% of the pigs used. Specimens used showed no symptoms and signs of cardiac arrhythmia or disturbance of blood flow. Patients suffering from chronic ischemia can develop complications such as perforation of the ventricle due to its thin nature as well as effusion of fluid in the pericardial sac decreasing cardiac output (Gwon et al., 2001). Intramyocardial injection This method has shown great success in many studies due to direct delivery of vector to site of damage. Injection of reporter gene into cardiac tissue and expression of the gene is feasible in canine myocardium. Response showed to be directly proportional to the volume of plasmid DNA used. Interestingly gene expression was uniform throughout the left ventricle independent of the level of injury. Stem cell expression gradually weakens over time showing greatest activity at the end of the first week (von Harsdorf et al., 1993). Use of plasmid DNA for cardiac muscle shows unique property of the tissue in being able to uptake DNA via the use of T tubules. Weakened expression after the first week is due to immune defensive mechanisms targeting transfected cells (Acsadi et al., 1991). Use of plasmid DNA vectors in early studies showed low efficiency in terms of transduction and time interval in which it is active; this lead to the use of adenovirus to transfer of ÃŽ ²-galactosidase gene an d plasmid. However results showed poor expression after day 7 as well as immune reaction generation (Guzman et al., 1993). Use of rAAV proved to be a more successful vector for the LacZ gene showing no immune response generation or inflammation at the site of injection. Expression was strongest after 1 week during weeks 4 to 8 showing very little results in the first 2 weeks. An increase in efficiency in terms of number of cells that undergo transduction due to perfusion was observed. Half of the cardiomyocytes showed LacZ gene expression (Svensson et al., 1999). BetaARKct gene produces a peptide that improves betaAR (beta-adrenergic receptor) signaling which is seen to diminish after a myocardial infarct. BetaAR function is interfered upon by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2. BetaARKct gene product will eliminate G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 interference. rAAV6 was used as a vector. Introduction of the BetaARKct gene further increased the efficiency of the intramyocardial injection with improved transduction cell number and length of time interval expression is strongest – up to 12 weeks from start of experiment. Long term use of BetaARKct gene lead to raised cardiac contractility as well as a turn around in ventricular remodeling (Rengo et al., 2009). Transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promoted angiogenesis in damaged myocardium and diminished anginal pain (Koransky et al., 2002). Transvascular gene delivery Some diseases such as pulmonary and essential hypertension, long QT syndrome and congestive heart failure require not just a percentage of their cells to undergo transduction but rather the entire myocardium. This can only be done by a method that ensures global delivery to the myocardium (Donahue et al., 1997). This is because it’s not just a group of cells that are contributing to the disease but rather every cell. E.g. Intramyocardial injection in these conditions would be useless as it only affects a small area. Selective coronary catheterization with antegrade intracoronary delivery A single pass method yields poor transduction values showing phenotype expression in only 5% of cardiac muscle at most (Ding et al., 2004). For optimal transduction to take place prolonged exposure time via occlusion of blood supply was necessary. The coronary arteries and coronary venous sinus were the tested targets with the latter producing almost 5 times increase in transduction (Logeart et al., 2001). Donahue and coworkers worked on rabbit myocardium observing key conditions for 96% of myocardial cells to undergo transduction. These parameters included increased virus concentrations, increased exposure, performing experiment at 37 °C, increased coronary flow rate and use of crystalloid media with specific compositions. Almost maximal transduction could be achieved with improved microvascular permeability in a decreased coronary perfusion time period of 2 minutes. Lowered Ca2+concentration coupled to bradykinin or serotonin pretreatment and raised virus concentration achieve this (Donahue et al., 1998). Use of catheters to occlude the aorta and venous return in the right atrium in rodents was coupled to cardiopulmonary arrest with the use of esmolol and acetylcholine for 2 and 5 minutes in order to increase viral incubation time proved to increase transduction response in 43% of cardiac muscle after 3 days. Minimally invasive surgical intervention is still required but the fore mentioned method shows a 400 time improvement in phenotype expression contrasted to the sham-operated group. S-Nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine and histamine use failed to improve microvacular permeability (Ding et al., 2004). Nonselective (indirect) intracoronary delivery Using a number of injections to transfer genes with the use of surgery has been studied in research extensively (Guzman et al., 1993). Transduction of human beta 2- adrenergic receptor (betaAR) gene in patients diagnosed with chronic heart failure can restore the cardiac beta-adrenergic receptor system. betaAR function is also compromised in acute myocardial function upset. The betaAR signaling pathway is the main target of most drugs on the market today for heart failure treatment (Parsa et al., 2003). Use of catheter to deliver Adeno-beta 2 adrenergic receptor into the left ventricle in rabbits produced at most a ten fold increase in beta 2- adrenergic receptor expression. After 3 weeks improved myocardial function was observed. Left ventricular pressure was improved as a result of increased myocardial contractility and improved ventricle loading conditions. Isoproterenol receptivity was also observed to increase (Maurice et al., 1999). This indirect method of virus introduction wi ll result in virus transport in the systemic circulation possibly resulting in ÃŽ ²-AR overexpression in the lungs and liver. Larger doses of the virus result in systemic ischemia and decreased cardiac function (Parsa et al., 2003). According to Hajjar and coworkers gene transfer in vivo results in transduction occurring in more then one location. In vivogene delivery involving adenovirus mediated transmission of betaAR kinase carboxyl terminus (betaARKct) or betaAR has shown that use of betaARKct prohibits smooth muscle hyperplasia in vascular intima after angioplasty. BetaARKct use improves ventrivular function via improved betaAR signaling via genetic inhibition of GÃŽ ²ÃŽ ³-ÃŽ ²-adrenergic receptor kinase. Over expression of betaAR improves cardiac function (Eckhart et al., 2000). Gene delivery in vivo improves ventricular contractility as well as adjustment of ECG intervals (Hajjar et al., 1998). Global phenotypic changes can be improved via increased transduction with the use of an improved method of to deliver the viruses. Introduction of the catheter into the left ventricular cavity followed by movement superiorly to end in the aortic root is coupled with pulmonary artery and ascending aorta occlusion. As a result a transcoronary perfusion gradient is generated; which improves viral delivery. This method has a number of modifications such as prompting of asystole pharmacologically, hypothermia use to lengthen cross-clamp interval and occlusion of the distal aorta (Beeri et al., 2002), (del Monte et al., 2001) and (Hajjar et al., 2000). Selective coronary sinus or coronary venous catheterization with retrograde delivery Intracoronary delivery involves systemic spread of the vector due to the brief interval in which the vector can adhere to the coronary endothelium. This is the great disadvantage of the fore mentioned method as coronary flow and endothelial permeability have a large contribution (Logeart et al., 2001). Contrasted to intracoronary delivery, retrograde delivery results in improved expression of the delivered gene (Kaye et al., 2007). Adeno-associated viral vectors do not induce an immune response and cause no inflammation. AAV vectors facilitate long-term gene expression (Sakata et al., 2007). Retro-infusion has proven to transfer AAV vectors efficiently as a long term method of gene transfer. This is due to improved endothelial permeability and lengthening of adhesion time for the vector (von Degenfeld et al., 2003). Systemic spread of vector to liver and lungs was observed however with lack of gene expression due to use of an enhanced myosin light chain promoter sequence (Raake et al ., 2008). Studies have proved that a single administration is enough in order for efficient regional myocyte transfection to occur. The advantages of only a single administration being necessary include minimal washout and controlled dwell times promoting longer exposure. The genes human developmentally regulated endothelial locus-1 and green fluorescent protein were used in this study (Hou et al., 2003). Pulmonary and hepatic transgene expression can be avoided with the use of adjusted models of myocardial gene delivery. Kaye and coworkers established a high efficiency percutaneous closed-loop system. This closed loop system permits increased transduction in the cardiac muscle due to higher concentration of vector present. This method reduces peripheral systemic spread that results in decreased transgene expression outside the heart in the lungs and liver (Kaye et al., 2007). Bridges states that usage of the percutaneous closed-loop system just mentioned would result in loss of more then 99% of the vector to the systemic circulation and not to the myocardium. On close examination of results obtained 2,639 vector genomes/ mg DNA were found in the heart contrasted to 69,595 vector genomes/ mg DNA in the liver. It was suggested that lack of hemiazaygous vein control results in this systemic spread. Ex vivotechnique Many studies have been carried out on the use of transplantation model for gene transfer. In the study done by Griscelli and coworkers recombinant adenoviruses are injected into coronary vessels of the organ then the heart is transplanted. This study carried out on piglet hearts have emphasized prolonged exposure time for vector contact to the heart. The advantage of using such a transplantation model is that this takes place with no coronary flow. Expression of transferred gene was noted with little presence of the transferred genome in hepatic and pulmonary tissues (Griscelli et al., 2003). Wang and Knechtle experimented on and compared 2 different methods of vector delivery prior to transplantation; myocardial injection and perfusion. Injection produced a higher degree of transgene expression. Perfusion resulted in greater overall distribution of transgene expression. Use of these methods only provides as a short term method of gene transfer (Wang and Knechtle., 1996).

Market Segmentation †How & Why Essay -- Business Management Studies

Market Segmentation – How & Why As well as the physical aspect of our store changing we have to look at the market differently. Where it was once possible to take a pile it high sell it cheap approach, to achieve broad appeal to the population we need to cater to the needs of the population. This is achieved by breaking the population into groups and then releasing products and services that meet the needs of these groups. This is known as target marketing. Although we all appreciate the theoretical economies of scale given by mass marketing a single product, there are few products that appeal to everyone. Naturally this has led to a segmentation of markets as companies that marketed one product, now produce a range of products. An example of this is Coca Cola. Originally they sold one product, as well as standard coke we now have diet coke, coke with vanilla, cherry coke, sprite, lilt and many more. By accepting that people have different needs and different shopping behaviours we can market ourselves to these segments and attract new customers. There are six steps to market segmentation, targeting & positioning and these are 1. Identifying qualities for segmenting the market 2. Developing profiles of the segments created 3. Develop measures of segment attractiveness 4. Select target segment 5. Develop positioning for each target segment 6. Develop marketing mix for each target segment. We have talked about segmenting the market. The question is how do we do this? There are many ways to segment. You could do this based upon household income, gender, age, previous purchases etc. In fact there are many ways to identify different market segments and I will briefly the more commonly used methods. Geographical It is possible to segment the population according to Geography, people from â€Å"the North† drink more Irn Bru than those from the South. This can be measured by the success of advertising, an example being the Jamie Oliver advert for Sainsbury’s was less successful in the north. Demographics. This is where segmentation is done by using personal characteristics of the population; Age, gender, income, stage in the family life cycle etc. Socio Economic Grouping. This is based upon the occupational status of the head of the household. It is based on the traditional social class system of this count... ...e of segments enables a company to specifically target an audience within a population. An example would be if I asked all of you what you would go out and spend fifty pounds on if I were to give it to you now. The chances are that everyone would come back with a different suggestion. However it I likely that some of you would go and buy clothes, some you would go and buy CD’s or DVD’s and some of you may possibly save the money instead. By grouping people together it is possible to target a product at an audience that will wan to buy the product. This should ensure a return on investment quickly for the producer and could lead to rapid growth. However a universal product is unlikely to appeal to a wide range of people so it is possible for a producer to create products for different market segments. Today we are going to discuss in more detail Cola drinks and C.D’s as product within our superstores. For the purpose of illustrating segmentation further it is worth noting that recent demographic shift of men drinking Diet Coke has been noted by Coca Cola and their adverts are targeted far less specifically at woman than the old â€Å"Diet Coke break† ads of the nineties.

Christian Dior Essay

The House of Dior – A fashion house that over six decades is still going strong. From a humble beginning to a power house of fashion, this house of fashion has begun a â€Å"New Look† for their market during the start if it’s business and beyond. With avant-garde designs, Christian Dior has changed women’s fashion in his era. Starting a fashion business is no mean feat. One may need all the preparation and planning in order to be successful and have your creations reach the market. The House of Christian Dior Christian Dior, a Frenchman, started his career in the 1930’s by selling his sketches to numerous prospective clients. Soon his market was in love with his sketches and designs and that deemed his creations as a â€Å"New Look†. With such creations, Christian Dior needed financial support that was when he got Marcel Boussac (a textile manufacture) to back him up to open his own house of fashion. Boussac was able to persuade Christian Dior to have him set up his place along a trendy Paris street, which Boussac was readily able to fund Christian Dior’s endeavours. With such financial support, Christian Dior began to produce creations that were considered avant-garde at that time and he was able to freely create and design whatever he had come up with without any financial difficulty (Bawa, 2002). Christian Dior knew what he wanted in life and that was to be a part of the arts. He loved to draw and sketch and to create masterpieces. This has made him successful; he knew what he wanted to do. For an aspiring entrepreneur, one must know that before they start their own clothing line or fashion business they need to know that this is what they really want to. If not, the outcome would be less successful or become a failure (Amed, 2007). Christian Dior had financial support that one can dream of. For an entrepreneur, they need to have financial stability, business partners, and the like to easily start their business. Without this, it would be a tough challenge to get by to launch a business or even try to start one. When it comes to materials, Christian Dior did not have any problems in having a short supply of that. He had his business partner to thank for and this gave him an advantage to turn his creations into reality (Charleston, 2004). One must take note that during his time it was during the Second World War that textiles were rationed. He took the initiative to have women, not only in Paris, but throughout the whole world to have them feel more feminine. He had that idea and turned it into a reality. Even if his designs and creations were well received by his peers and prospective clients, there were numerous detractors that openly disliked his attitude. They deemed Christian Dior as extravagant due to his designs using fabric up to eighty yards long. One must see that Christian Dior clearly didn’t have a market due to the hardships that the whole world was currently going through. What he did was he created one. It wasn’t merely being in the right time and at the right place, he saw the need that women wanted during his time, and he began to create the solution to that even at the cost of being deemed extravagant and being boycotted by powerful governments of state. Still he persevered and went on with his plan to change the world fashion market. With Christian Dior’s untimely death in 1957, the house of Dior was stopped suddenly in their tracks, but Dior did not leave his house open for attack, he had two competent men under him that can drive his fashion house beyond. Yves St. Lauren stepped in and headed the House of Dior into success with his designs. The house of Dior had numerous changes in the artistic development and currently has John Galiano. Starting a fashion business needs the entrepreneur to be at least five or ten steps ahead and having a fresh outlook and flow of ideas that they want to put into their market. They need to also know the latest trends and fads that the current market has in order to supply what the client wants. Not only having those ideas one must have a very good business plan in order to plan and execute strategies, decisions, and plans of actions when situations arises, especially those that are out of the box scenarios. The bottom line is that one must have passion for what they believe in. They need to believe in what they do is the right thing to do. Without these, starting up a business or even just planning for it would make all attempts useless and unfruitful. References: Amed, I. (2007). The Business of Fashion: Basics 1 – Setting up your own fashion business – what do I need to know first? Retrieved on March 9, 2008, from http://uberkid. typepad. com/fashionbusiness/2007/02/the_business_of_2. html Bawa, M. P. (2002). Christian Dior. History of Fashion. Retrieved on March 9, 2008, from http://www. historyofashion. com/historyofashion/dior. html Charleston, B. D. (2004). Based on original work by Harold Koda. â€Å"Christian Dior (1905 1957)†. In Timeline of Art History. Retrieved on March 9, 2008, from http://www. metmuseum. org/toah/hd/dior/hd_dior. htm

Watergate after 30 years essays

Watergate after 30 years essays The term 'Watergate', labeled by Congress in 1974, stands for not only the burglary, but also for the numerous instances of officially sanctioned criminal activity and abuses of power as well as the obstruction of justice that preceded the actual break-in. Watergate involved the political behavior of the President and his men, beginning during Nixon's first term and extending to his resignation. Some of the criminal behavior was a result of the disastrous events of the 1960's. The day it all began was a Sunday, May 28, 1972. The first of several illegal break-ins into the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters in the Watergate Complex was in effect. Despite Nixon's high standing position for being reelected, his CREEP staff (Committee to Reelect the President) was afraid that they might not have as much 'dirt' on Nixon's opponents as they had on Nixon. The President laid upon his staff the determination to do whatever possible to win the election! With this approval, Nixon's staff, headed by G. Gordon Liddy, began planning more ways of attaining information from the DNC. What they named the 'Plumbers unit' was established as a special task force for the President. The Plumbers' purpose was to keep any secret information from being discovered by reporters. In one situation, wearing CIA provided disguises, they illegally broke into Dr. Field's office, a psychiatrist, for information on a patient, Daniel Ellsberg, who had given private Pentagon papers to the New York Times 25). It turned out that the doctor had already been visited by the FBI and, taking precaution, removed the files. On June 17th, after several break-ins, police arrested five burglars found in the offices of Larry O'Brien, the Democratic National Chairman, at the Watergate complex. President Nixon, immediately after hearing of the break-in, appointed a top aide, John Ehrlichman, to uncover everything he could about the break-in and denied any invol...

Nuclear Disaster in Japan essays

Nuclear Disaster in Japan essays There was a nuclear reaction at a uranium processing plant in Japan that has brought an enormous amount of people to stay indoors, to stop farming, and to have many schools closed down. There was a large amount of radiation spilt and researchers estimate that there was up to 39 people that were exposed to high amounts of radiation. The town in which this radiation accidents occurred was in Tokaimura. Tokaimura is located about 90 miles away from Tokyo. The victims of this accident were showing extreme symptoms of being exposed to radiation, high amounts of vomiting and diarrhea. Three of the victims were fireman, that were said to have been exposed to the chemicals while carrying the victims The nuclear reaction was put under control about twenty hours after the accident. The governor was extremely happy when he heard that the chain reaction had stopped because if it had succeed and kept evolving then the reaction could have turned into the critical stage in which the chemicals would be able to just burn on their own. Tokyo's government does admit to being slow to react to one of the worse nuclear reactions spills in this nation. The governor was very ashamed to The officials that were trying to contain the spill evacuated one-hundred and sixty people within 350 yards from the plant. The announcements were made in many ways such as loud speakers, radio announcements, and skywriters. Everyone was told to close their windows and to stay indoors. There was 313,000 people that were told to stay indoors that were within six One of the local residents, Yoko Kurosawa, said, "I'm scared because I can't see (the threat) with my own eyes. I'm keeping my doors and windows closed and can't use my air conditioner. I can't sleep." Yoko lived within about 2 miles of the plant. Yoko was 26 years old. There were at ...

The Evolution Of Primate Locomotion And Body Configuration Essay

The Evolution Of Primate Locomotion And Body Configuration - Essay Example In 1956, while searching through a collection of fossils at the American Museum of Natural History, I came across a small piece of forehead bone, identified as a "possible primate," that had lain neglected for half a century. It had been recovered from the Fayum badlands, sixty miles southwest of Cairo, Egypt, by an amateur collector named Richard Markgraf. The rock in which it was found was known to belong to the geological epoch we call the Oligocene (now estimated to have lasted from 34 to 23 million years ago). Although only the size of a quarter, the fossil displayed two defining characteristics of the Anthropoidea, or higher primates--the large evolutionary group that includes monkeys, apes, and humans. I could tell that the right and left frontal (forehead) bones in this small animal were fused along the midline suture into a single bone, as is the case in all the higher primates. And on the right side, just enough of the rim of the eye socket was preserved for me to establish that it was fully enclosed in the back by bony plates (the eyeballs of more primitive primates are normally encircled by just a thin bar of bone). Neither feature had been previously documented in so old a fossil. Better late than never, the small piece of bone joined a short list of other fossils discovered in the Fayum between 1906 and 1910 that also appeared to belong to higher primates. The best of the other fossils--both nearly complete mandibles--belonged to two small species named Parapithecus fraasi and Propliopithecus haeckeli. Both have lower molars with anthropoidean features--in particular, they are broad and flat and have five cusps. (Miyamoto 197-220) In addition, Propliopithecus has the same number of the different types of teeth as other Old World anthropoideans, and the two sides of the lower jaw are solidly fused together in the front, another important characteristic of higher primates. My interest sparked by these tantalizing finds, I began doing fieldwork in the Fayum more than thirty years ago. Since then, my teams and I have succeeded in gathering hundreds of additional primate fossils, documenting the presence of eleven primate species in Oligocene deposits that are 30 to 33 million years old. The largest of these species, a close relative of Propliopithecus, is Aegyptopithecus zeuxis, a cat-size creature that appears to stand at or near the base of the family tree of the Old World monkeys, apes, and humans. We have collected several skulls and faces of Aegyptopithecus, as well as many bones from the rest of its skeleton (see "Dawn Ape of the Fayum," Natural History, May 1984). Many of the eleven Oligocene species have anthropoidean features, including the fused frontal bone, enclosed eye socket, lower jaws that are solidly fused together in the front, and the broadened and flattened lower molars with five principal cusps. In certain details, the upper molars also resemble those of more recent higher primates. Another anthropoidean characteristic is the manner in which the bony ring encircling the eardrum lines the auditory opening at the side of the skull. The eleven species are diverse in many respects, however. By 1985, I had accumulated enough evidence to say that they fell into several different taxonomic families or subfamilies. Given that so much diversity had evolved, I had to conclude that the common ancestor of all the higher primates must go back a long way in Africa. This was only the beginning, however, for in 1983 a Fayum site called Locality 41 had been discovered. Its exposed deposits came from a much deeper layer than those of

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reflection - Essay Example Brief Overview of your Leaflet The leaflet highlights many aspects that seek to enlighten both students and parents on the available resources for improving the experience of year six students. The introductory part of the leaflet highlights the driving force of Sunnyfields which is the fact that each student has an intrinsic capacity inherent since birth and requires nurturing for them to utilize their potential to the maximum level. However, the school environment lacks the potential of providing sufficient resources for children to nurture all their talents. The focus of Sunnyfields is year 6 students who are in their final year of studies. As the leaflet highlights, year six students require advanced preparation for the next level of studies. They face a surging pressure of succeeding in their statutory assessment tests (SATs). Sunnyfields realized that schools focused on motivating other students for these exams taken in May while assuming the surging need for year 6 students to receive worthwhile encouragement and assistance in preparation for these critical tests that reflect the ability of students. Sunnyfields comes in to offer students an opportunity to prepare adequately for the SATs. The program of preparing students for these examinations usually factor in multiple considerations to ensure that each student receives a lot of attention. On the other hand, Sunnyfields provides platforms for year 6 students to develop a diverse range of skills and have fun. There is a range of clubs and groups that focus on different interests of the students. Through registration, students can have the opportunity of developing indispensable skills as well as having thrilling experiences alongside their friends. Moreover, year 6 students can register for a breakfast program that focuses on offering students with a nutritious diet that presents them with all the nutritional requirements for maximizing their learning experience. The objectives of Sunnyfields are in lin e with the theory developed by Piaget that schemata are critical in the development of children. Through these mental orders, children exhibit the capacity of learning new skills. Aspects of Learning and Teaching The most critical aspect of learning offered by the Sunnyfields is the program that seeks to provide students with an opportunity of familiarizing themselves with the new format for the statutory assessment programs. The program offers sessions on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday for about ten students to meet in the library with access to multiple resources for their tuition classes. The limited number of students helps the students to receive personalized help from the qualified staff who exhibit expertise and awareness of the new aspects tested in the SATs as evident in the Chace Community Schoolwebsite. The sessions equip students with adequate knowledge and information enabling them to excel in their exams.During these sessions, students can pose any question or concern a nd receive assistance. Through the assimilation process defined by Piaget, children are able to apply the information gained to solve new sets of problems in their exams. In addition, a diverse learning opportunity is the science club that offers students with the required empowerment to become outstanding scientists. The club offers students with scientific interest to build a strong foundation for their future careers. Moreover, students have an opportunity to develop film